Rapid industrialization has had a harmful impact on the environment. Water is used at every stage of the manufacturing process in the vast majority of industries. Water can be used as a solvent, a source of energy, a coolant, a transport agent, or a raw material. If not handled, industrial waste water is considered a possible threat to the environment. Water can't be considered a contaminant if it's properly managed, treated, and reused. This, on the other hand, can be viewed as a solution to address the rising need for water in industries. This necessitates the installation of efficient water treatment plants.
A water treatment facility should have distinguishing characteristics such as a high decrease ratio in BOD (Biological Oxygen Demand) and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) (Total Dissolved Solids). The zero liquid discharge (ZLD) technology is a tried-and-true method for reducing wastewater effluent and recovering water for reuse. It also retrieves salts as byproducts and any disposal is solid waste that can be easily buried.
Based on the system adopted, the zero liquid discharge market can be segmented into crystallization, evaporation, and hybrid. Crystallization and evaporation are the conventional methods being used right from the evolution of zero liquid discharge systems. Both these systems, if used alone, are expensive. They need to be combined with another membrane processes such as reverse osmosis (RO) or electrodialysis reversal (EDR). This combining makes the zero discharge system a hybrid. The hybrid system aims at reducing the capital cost and increasing the efficiency of the zero liquid discharge system by incorporating less expensive components into the system. Moreover, to make the zero liquid discharge system cost–effective, it is always good to design the system based on the feed rate of water.
Based on end-user industry, the market for zero liquid discharge systems can be segregated into textile, power plants, tannery, food & beverages, plating & metal finishing, semiconductor manufacturing, printed circuit board manufacturing, energy, petrochemical, PVC manufacturing, mining, and oil refining.
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